Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil - 996 Words

EXPERIMENT 4: Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to take methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil) and by heating it under reflux with NaOH as a solvent, and then cooling the mixture with H2SO4 as another solvent, synthesize salicylic acid. The final step involves purify the product to produce as pure a sample of salicylic acid as possible. This process allowed for the successful production of 1.406g salicylic acid, an 82.70% yield. The NMR and IR both produced images that correlate with the known spectrums indicating a pure product. The melting point range was slightly wider, though did encompass the accepted melting point values. Discussion: Reaction OH O OCH3 2) H2SO4 1) 2NaOH OH†¦show more content†¦These two can share this single peak because the hydrogens are constantly swapping places with each other due to their position within the molecular structure and if the NMR was magnified, two peaks could be seen. Assignment 2: The peak located at 8.0 ppm is a doublet peak assigned to the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the carboxylic group. It is shifted .5-.6 ppm downfield of where hydrogens on a benzene ring would normally appear due to de-shielding by the nearby carboxyl group. Assignment 3: The 7.5 ppm triplet peak is indicative of the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the phenol group, again due to de-shielding by the nearby phenol group. The extra peak is likely due to the interaction of the O-H bond with the C-H bond. Assignment 4: 6.9 ppm has a triplet peak and is assigned to the two remaining C-H bonds on the aromaticShow MoreRelatedSynthesis Of Organic Compounds : Synthesis862 Words   |  4 Pages Laboratory 5: Synthesis of Organic Compounds Introduction: In this experiment, aspirin will be synthesized from salicylic acid using acetic anhydride. The sodium salt was initially prescribed for its antipyretic and analgesic effects, but the salt was too irritating to the stomach, so a phenyl ester version was developed as a replacement. The esterified version passed successfully through the acidic stomach without irritation. It was hydrolyzed in the basic environmentRead MoreLack Of Crystals Forming During The Ice Bath Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagespoint range of 169 oC - 171 oC therefore indication that the final product still had traces of 4-Aminophenol and thus is not pure enough to be taken as medication because Aminophenol can be harmful to humans. Conclusion: In conclusion, the aim; to synthesis Acetaminophen (Panadol) and calculate its purity was achieved as there was a moderate percentage yield of 64.07% which allowed for the melting point and thus the purity to be measured. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is the process of separatingRead More#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid1543 Words   |  7 Pages#15 Synthesis of Ethyl Salicylate from Salicylic Acid ____________________________________________________________ _______________ Purpose: Salicylic acid is converted to the liquid ethyl salicylate by addition of ethanol. Yields of salicylic acid (week 1) and ethyl salicylate will be found, as well as the overall yield of the 2-step conversion of acetyl salicylic acid to ethyl salicylate. Introduction: Esters are formed from the reaction of acids and alcohols: O O Read MoreSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of Its Purity and Dissociation Constant4209 Words   |  17 PagesSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of its Purity and Dissociation Constant ------------------------------------------------- Abstract The purpose of the study is to synthesize salicylic acid from the ester, methyl salicylate, and determine the acid’s dissociation constant and purity. The ester was converted to salicylic acid by base hydrolysis. The products were refluxed and recrystallized, to ensure maximum purity, and filtered, dried, and weighed. The melting pointRead MoreChemistry F334 : Whats in the Medicine2814 Words   |  12 Pagesproblems for 13.4 part b Revised activity WM3 Answers to questions for revised activity WM3 Revised check your notes Revised map of the unit 2 3 6 7 9 10 11 WM  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2004 Salters Advanced Chemistry These pages have been downloaded from www.heinemann.co.uk/science 1 Notes for students and teachers Chemical Storylines At the end of WM3 on page 109: 1. Instead of Chemical Ideas 13.4 read 13.4 part b, which is available on the Heinemann website. 2. Read Section 13.5 in your Chemical

Animal Cruelty And Animal Experimentation - 1610 Words

Human curiosity of functions of the body have been continuously quenched by experimenting and testing on animals. According to Professor Nuno Henrique Franco from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of the University of Porto in Rua do Campo Alegre, humans have based their medical research, and later chemical testing, on animal experimentation. The first experiments that were performed can be considered crude and a few were perhaps excessively damaging to their subjects, and a handful of later testing was for cosmetic purposes. Consequently, the lives of countless animals have been lost and, unfortunately, many experienced pain during experiments. These experiments received much criticism from people who enjoy the accompany of animals. The public demanded a closer examination on the treatment of animals, and the relatively recent cases of animal cruelty brought to the attention of the media, thanks to animal rights groups like PETA, only further fueled the cause. Many still v iew the experiments as a type of exploitation and a common belief is that the performed experiments are always incredibly cruel and brutal. While it rings true that the many experiments that were done in the early days brought unnecessarily pain to the animals and the number of animals used were too large, animal experimentation has evolved and the many laws and regulations were implanted in an attempt to control the experiments justify them. Mainly, the Animal Welfare Act of 1961 took effect andShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation : Animal Cruelty2406 Words   |  10 Pages Research Essay: Animal Experimentation An innocent baby animal is ripped from its mothers arms and dragged by its neck after being locked up in a cold, lonely cellar on its way to the experimentation room where scientists will stick a variety of needles filled with possibly deadly medicine into its delicate skin. In a laboratory a ways down the street is another baby animal being tranquilized with a numbing gun in order for the animals to be tested with no pain gently lifted from its cageRead More The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothingRead MoreAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreHello1309 Words   |  6 PagesMorality of Animal Testing in Cosmetic Companies Preface The ethical treatment of animal testing is a controversial topic in the field of zoology. Different aspects on animal testing range from positivity to negativity. Animals such as dogs and rats are used for experimental trials because they have been found to have psychological and genetic correlations that relate to humans. Although the benefits and improvements to modern medicine made it possible to ban animal experimentation completely,Read MoreThe Fight Against Animal Testing1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight Against Animal Testing in Cosmetics The makeup industry has flourished for as long as one can remember. The popularity of beauty bloggers, celebrity makeup lines, etc. have actually led to a record-breaking boost in makeup sales. Cosmetic brands have become more prominent, and makeup stores such as Sephora and Ulta continue to thrive. However, various demands must be met in order to keep up with the growing consumership, and one of the most controversial topics contributing to the successRead MoreThe Use Of Scientific Testing On Animals1503 Words   |  7 Pageshumans have used animals as means of learning more about the world. The first known vivisection was done by a Greek philosopher, Alcmaeon, in 450 B. C. E (â€Å"Animal Testing† NP). Since then, animals have had invasives tests performed on them, been killed, and been experimented on in the name of science or for profit. Some experiments are in order to demonstrate already known facts to students, others are to further medical knowledge, and some are to test drugs and cosmetics (â€Å"Animal Testing† NP). ScientificRead MoreAnimal Experimentation : The End Of Animal Testing1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe experimentation of animals has been used for a multitude of years for research to advance a scientific understanding of a living organism. To this day animals are being tested on for the use of human products. In 3D-printing human skin: The end of animal testing? by Jessica Mendoza, Speculative Philosophy, the Troubled Middle, and the Ethics of Animal Experimentation by Strachan Donnelley, â€Å"Animals and Medical Science: A Vision of a New Era† by David O. Wiebers, Cruelty-free cosmetics benefitRead MoreArguments Against Animal Testing1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to mind when thinking about animal experimentation? Thoughts of innocent, lovable animals being stabbed with sharp needles? Well, that is not exactly the case, as animal experimentation plays a very important role in human health today. However, t he idea of animals testing has become quite a controversial topic. Over the past few decades, there has been an extensive debate over the use of animals in medical and product testing. The majority of people seem to think that it is an unnecessaryRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Biomedical Ethics Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal activists and scientists experience ongoing conflict between animal experimentation and biomedical ethics. Animal testing is one of the oldest methods of experimentation. In the 1980s, the animal rights movement and the argument surrounding the ethics came under fire. As a result of this movement, the experimental procedures became public, giving more incentive to the activists and momentum to their cause. The ethics of animal experimentation come into question in everything from beauty productsRead MoreHave You Ever Seen A Cruelty Free Symbol In The Shape Of1430 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever seen a cruelty free symbol in the shape of a rabbit on the back of a shampoo bottle? That means the bottle’s contents were made without it being tested on an animal first. But what if the symbol wasn’t on the bottle? Have you ever thought of what would happen to that bunny you would usually see in a pet store? To answer this question, commonly, animals put through experimentation are put through force feeding, food deprivation, and inflictions of wounds. That bunny probably is not okay

Isolation of Eugenol Essential Oil from Clove Buds Using Steam Distillation free essay sample

The main volatile oil extracted from clove buds is eugenol. It is used in a variety of ways in traditional medicine and can be isolated successfully using a variety of methods. Isolation was performed using steam distillation. A 3. 0% yield of eugenol oil was observed during the experiment. Introduction Eugenol is an essential oil with a formula of C10H12O2 and a member of the phenylpropanoid family. It is mainly found and isolated from cloves or bay leaves and presents as a colorless or pale yellow oily compound. Essential oils and extracts of various species of plants, herbs, and spices constitute very potent natural biologically active agents (1). Many of these compounds are volatile and are able to undergo steam distillation in order to isolate the oil. Eugenol has a boiling point of approximately 248Â ° C, but can be isolated from cloves at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water. The eugenol is extracted from the water using an organic solvent, in this experiment dichloromethane (DCM) was used. We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Eugenol Essential Oil from Clove Buds Using Steam Distillation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once the organic layer has been separated from the aqueous layer and dried, the oil can be isolated. The amount of eugenol oil obtained experimentally with this method was 0. 09 grams and the percent recovery of eugenol oil was 3. 0%. Materials and Methods The clove buds were purchased from a local store and did not list a lot number. A steam distillation apparatus was set up as described by Pavia et al (2) using a 100-mL round-bottom flask (Kimax USA, 25277-100, 19/22[ST]) to distill and a 50-mL round-bottom flask (Kimax USA, 25277-50, 19/22[ST]) to collect. A Kimax USA, 19/22 ground glass joint distillation head (No. 44993-A) and vacuum connector (No. 45005-A) was used in conjunction with Pyrex west condenser (Product #2155-19). The distillation flask was placed on a 120V heating mantle (Model HM0050-HS1, Size 4002, 0. 50 A/ 60 W, Lot # 98876/13, Phase 1). Approximately 3. 0 grams of clove buds were obtained, recording the exact weight. The spice was then ground and mixed with 35-40 mL of water in the boiling flask along with a boiling stone (Chemware PTFE, Lot. :D1069103) allowing the spice to soak in the water for about 15 minutes before beginning the distillation. The mixture was distilled until 15 mL of distillate was collected. Extraction was performed using 5 mL methylene chloride (Fisher Scientific, Lot: 114851) in a separatory funnel (Kimax USA, 1 liter, #27 stopcock). A saturated sodium chloride solution (1. 0 mL, UNF Chemistry Department) was used to further separate the aqueous layer from the organic layer. Extraction was performed twice using 5. 0 mL DCM, transferring the organic layer to a clean Erlenmeyer flask (Fisherbrand, 50 mL, FB-500-50). This was sufficient enough to separate the distillate from the aqueous layer. Drying was accomplished over a 15 minute period using about 1 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate (Fisherbrand, S421-1, Lot: 108250). The dried organic layer was decanted to a clean, tared test tube using small amount of DCM to rinse the drying agent. Air was passed over the solution, evaporating the methylene chloride and yielding eugenol oil. Results Percent yield of eugenol oil:After drying the organic layer and evaporating the DCM 0. 90 g of eugenol oil was observed remaining in the test tube. The percent yield of eugenol essential oil from 3. 00g clove buds was 3. 0% Discussion Using steam distillation as a technique to isolate eugenol oil from clove buds in this experiment produced average results when compared to the expected percent yield of approximately 10%. This was most likely due to human error in technique while separating or drying the organic layer. Other methods of isolation such as the use of supercritical CO2 using a Speed SFE instrument to control the pressure of the reaction (3). In future experiments more time would be an integral factor. Further experimentation could be done by analyzing how pure the isolated eugenol oil was and how it’s functional groups define it as a phenylpropanoid.

Voyages of Self-discovery free essay sample

My life has been somewhat like a mosaic. As a child, I have been raised in a proud Taiwan culture (proud both in terms of its Chinese language heritage and tradition). Yet I have a family who greatly values independent thought and thus exposed me to a myriad of environments and diverse cultures. I spent the majority of my elementary in Canada where my dreams and aspirations took shape. The free and idyllic atmosphere there (both in school and in social situations) fostered my risk-taking and inquisitive spirit. Even after I had gone back to Taiwan, the image of Canada was planted in my mind. Though I love my home country, growing up there was not what I really wanted. At school, students were just expected to â€Å"follow the directions.† That was not me. I wanted to doubt, to question, and to be skeptical even towards authority. Curiosity is in my nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Voyages of Self-discovery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I could not help myself. It was then I decided to coming to the States in hopes of better pursuing my dreams and figuring out my life. Here, I have seized every opportunity to broaden my horizons and work for the benefit of the larger community. I flew to the Amazing Meeting at Las Vegas, a convention of some of the world’s best science communicators, and conversed about the importance of science literacy in today’s society. I traveled to the stone coasts of Vancouver and worked alongside a dozen whale researchers, helping me recognize the fragility and tentativeness of life on Earth. I attended Secular Humanism gatherings and equipped myself with the weapons of reason against the nonsensical and the irrational—ultimately, to safeguard freedom of inquiry and investigation from religion and superstition. During these experiences, I had a plethora of opportunities to explore my inner self. I discovered qualities that are harmonious with those that I value and place in high esteem: appreci ation of beauty, honest inquiry, and love for the truth. In the middle of high school, my exploratory journey continued. Carrying a deep will to question, I embarked on a philosophical exploration quite unlike those during my childhood times. Why am I here? What am I here for? What is the meaning and purpose of existence? This time, my vehicle was my mind, and my voyage was one of self-discovery. My love of contemplating courageous questions eventually (or perhaps inevitably) led my winding path to gates of science. Previously blinded by the trivialities of daily life, science opened my eyes and my senses to the larger universal reality outside of my own little shell. The scientific outlook of the universe shattered my self-conceived vanity in daily life. It unveiled a world far beyond my wildest childhood imaginations—the vastness of astronomical space, the immensity of geological time, and the elegant complexity and richness of life on Earth. Think about it! Our brains may be the only objects in the entire universe capable of con templating its own existence! From my lonely point in cosmos, a sudden awareness of the immense inexplicability of the universe dawned on me. It was then T.S. Eliots words wafted a new profound personal meaning, We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started, and know the place for the first time.† Sometimes in my sleepless nights, whenever existential doubts threaten to come back and haunt me, I would lie on the grass on my backyard and silently stare skywards. I would sit on the edge of the pond as the Milky Way gradually comes into view, extending across the sky and slowly claiming the night. The clear waters reflect both the shimmering brilliance and the immensity of the heavens. Infinity above. Eternity below. While pondering the deepest questions of human existence, I would lie there, enchanted by Andromeda, Gemini, Orion, and tearful with the unheard symphony of the cosmic harmony. I would set my mind free and gaze across the millennia to view humanity residing in space, having built a glorious civilization among the stars. Imagine! They will have glimpsed inventions, ideas, and worlds undreamt of in our present day. Even though I may not live to witness that monumental moment, I take comfort in the fact that I have the potential to comprise a small but important role in this timeless pursuit of knowledge and wisdom—the uniquely human endeavor we call science. Over the years, I have come to realize that science is itself a voyage of self-discovery—although my lifelong search for who I am and how I fit into the world has come to an end, I have just begun the eternal adventure of finding out what it truly means to be human. In understanding the world around us, we are in turn searching for our place in the universe. I am an explorer still. At times, Carl Sagans immortal words ring in my mind, The scientific enterprise spans the generations; we remember those who prepared the way, seeing for them also. Thus in my time and my generation, I carry a special responsibility to further our understanding of the cosmos and ourselves. And in doing so, I will contribute my part and advance anot her step on humanitys ladder reaching for the stars.